Misiones no tripuladas a la Luna
LUNAR SPACECRAFT (Unmanned) – Misiones no tripuladas a la Luna
|
NAME |
LAUNCH |
BOOSTER |
WEIGHT |
MISSION |
| Pioneer 0 (USA) |
17-Aug-58 |
Thor-Able |
84 (38) |
Lunar orbit attempt. Booster exploded at ten miles (16 km). |
| Luna (USSR) |
23-Sep-58 |
SL-3/A-1 |
795 (361) |
Lunar impact attempt. Structural failure at 92 sec into launch. |
| Pioneer 1 (USA) |
11-Oct-58 |
Thor-Able |
84 (38) |
Lunar orbit attempt. Reached 70,700 miles (113,830 km), fell back over South Pacific. |
| Luna (USSR) |
12-Oct-58 |
SL-3/A-1 |
795 (361) |
Lunar impact attempt. Launcher exploded at 100 sec into launch. |
| Pioneer 2 (USA) |
8-Nov-58 |
Thor-Able |
84 (38) |
Lunar orbit attempt. Reached 965 miles (1,550 km), fell back over central Africa. |
| Luna (USSR) |
4-Dec-58 |
SL-3/A-1 |
795 (361) |
Lunar impact attempt. Stage 1 failure at 245 sec into launch. |
| Pioneer 3 (USA) |
6-Dec-58 |
Juno II |
13 (6) |
Lunar fly-by attempt. Reached 63,580 miles (102,320 km), fell back over central Africa. |
| Luna 1 (USSR) |
2-Jan-59 |
SL-3/A-1 |
795 (361) |
Lunar impact attempt. Solar orbit after 3,100 mile (5,000 km) fly-by. |
| Pioneer 4 (USA) |
3-Mar-59 |
Juno II |
13 (6) |
Lunar fly-by at 37,050 miles (60,500 km), into solar orbit. |
| Luna (USSR) |
18-Jul-59 |
SL-3/A-1 |
853 (387) |
Lunar impact attempt. Failed to reach Earth orbit. |
| Luna 2 (USSR) |
12-Sep-59 |
SL-3/A-1 |
853 (387) |
First lunar impact. |
| Pioneer/Orbiter (USA) |
24-Sep-59 |
Atlas-Able |
375 (170) |
Lunar orbit attempt. Destroyed in booster static test explosion. |
| Luna 3 (USSR) |
4-Oct-59 |
SL-3/A-1 |
614 (278) |
Final stage instrumentation 345 lb (156 kg); mission payload 959 lb (434 kg). Photographed 70% of lunar far side. |
| Pioneer/Orbiter (USA) |
26-Nov-59 |
Atlas-Able |
373 (169) |
Lunar orbit attempt. Destroyed when booster shroud lost 45 sec into launch. |
| Luna (USSR) |
15-Apr-60 |
SL-3/A-1 |
615 (279) |
Lunar flyby attempt. Failed to reach Earth orbit, premature stage 2 cutoff. |
| Luna (USSR) |
16-Apr-60 |
SL-3/A-1 |
615 (279) |
Lunar flyby attempt. Strap-on failed to ignite, broke up near pad. |
| Pioneer/Orbiter (USA) |
25-Sep-60 |
Atlas-Able |
388 (176) |
Lunar orbit attempt. Destroyed when booster second-stage oxidizer system malfunctioned. |
| Pioneer/Orbiter (USA) |
15-Dec-60 |
Atlas-Able |
388 (176) |
Lunar orbit attempt. Destroyed when booster first-stage exploded 70 sec into launch. |
| Ranger 1 (USA) |
23-Aug-61 |
Atlas-Agena |
674 (306) |
High Earth orbit test vehicle attempt. Achieved only low Earth orbit when Agena failed to restart. |
| Ranger 2 (USA) |
18-Nov-61 |
Atlas-Agena |
674 (306) |
High Earth orbit test vehicle attempt. Achieved only low Earth orbit when Agena failed to restart. |
| Ranger 3 (USA) |
26-Jan-62 |
Atlas-Agena |
727 (330) |
Hard land seismometer attempt. Lunar fly-by at 22,872 miles (36,808 km) when Agena imparted excess velocity. |
| Ranger 4 (USA) |
23-Apr-62 |
Atlas-Agena |
730 (331) |
Hard land seismometer attempt. Timer failure. Tracked to indicate impact on lunar far side. |
| Ranger 5 (USA) |
18-Oct-62 |
Atlas-Agena |
752 (341) |
Hard land seismometer attempt. Power failure. Solar orbit after 450 mile (725 km) lunar fly-by. |
| Sputnik 25 (USSR) |
4-Jan-63 |
SL-6/A-2-e |
3,080 (1,400) |
Unannounced soft-landing attempt. Earth orbit only. |
| Luna (USSR) |
3-Feb-63 |
SL-6/A-2-e |
3,080 (1,400) |
Soft-landing attempt. Failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Luna 4 (USSR) |
2-Apr-63 |
SL-6/A-2-e |
3,135 (1,422) |
Soft-landing attempt. Solar orbit after 5,280 mile (8,500 km) lunar fly-by. |
| Ranger 6 (USA) |
30-Jan-64 |
Atlas-Agena |
805 (365) |
TV close-up before impact attempt. Crashed on target but no pictures returned. |
| Luna (USSR) |
21-Mar-64 |
SL-6/A-2-e |
3,142 (1,425) |
Soft-landing attempt. Failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Luna (USSR) |
20-Apr-64 |
SL-6/A-2-e |
3,142 (1,425) |
Soft-landing attempt. Failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Zond (USSR) |
4-Jun-64 |
SL-6/A-2-e |
() |
Lunar test of Mars probe. Failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Ranger 7 (USA) |
28-Jul-64 |
Atlas-Agena |
806 (366) |
Returned 4,306 high-resolution pictures before impact on Mare Cognitum. |
| Ranger 8 (USA) |
17-Feb-65 |
Atlas-Agena |
809 (367) |
Returned 7,137 high-resolution pictures before impact on Mare Tranquillitatis. |
| Cosmos 60 (USSR) |
12-Mar-65 |
SL-6/A-2-e |
3,240 (1,470) |
Soft-landing attempt. Earth orbit only. |
| Ranger 9 (USA) |
21-Mar-65 |
Atlas-Agena |
807 (366) |
Returned 5,814 high-resolution pictures before impact inside crater Alphonsus. |
| Luna (USSR) |
10-Apr-65 |
SL-6/A-2-e |
3,255 (1,476)? |
Soft-landing attempt. Failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Luna 5 (USSR) |
9-May-65 |
SL-6/A-2-e |
3,255 (1,476) |
Soft-landing attempt. Crashed at 31oS x 8oE. |
| Luna 6 (USSR) |
8-Jun-65 |
SL-6/A-2-e |
3,180 (1,442) |
Soft-landing attempt. Solar orbit after 100,000 mile (160,000 km) lunar fly-by. |
| Zond 3 (USSR) |
18-Jul-65 |
SL-6/A-2-e |
2,095 (950) |
Lunar fly-by, into solar orbit. Returned pictures of remaining portions of lunar far side. |
| Centaur 3 (USA) |
11-Aug-65 |
Atlas-Centaur |
2,100 (952) |
High Earth orbit of Surveyor dynamic model. Engineering development flight of Centaur. |
| Luna 7 (USSR) |
4-Oct-65 |
SL-6/A-2-e |
3,321 (1,506) |
Soft-landing attempt. Impact at 9oN x 40oW. |
| Luna 8 (USSR) |
3-Dec-65 |
SL-6/A-2-e |
3,422 (1,552) |
Soft-landing attempt. Impact at 9o8’N x 63o18’W. |
| Luna 9 (USSR) |
31-Jan-66 |
SL-6/A-2-e |
3,490 (1,583) |
First successful soft lunar landing at 7o8’N x 64o33’W. Returned TV panoramas and radiation data over four days. 220 lb (100 kg) capsule. |
| Cosmos 111 (USSR) |
1-Mar-66 |
SL-6/A-2-e |
3,530 (1,600) |
Lunar orbit attempt. Earth orbit only. |
| Luna 10 (USSR) |
31-Mar-66 |
SL-6/A-2-e |
3,490 (1,583) |
First successful lunar orbit. 540 lb (245 kg) satellite returned data from 217 x 632 mile (350 x 1,017 km), 178.3 min, 71o32′ orbit over 56-day life. |
| Luna (USSR) |
30-Apr-66 |
SL-6/A-2-e |
3,490 (1,583)? |
Lunar orbit attempt. Failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Surveyor 1 (USA) |
30-May-66 |
Atlas-Centaur |
2,194 (995) |
Soft-landing at 2o27’S x 43o13’W. Returned 11,237 TV pictures and engineering data over six weeks. |
| Explorer 33 (USA) |
1-Jul-66 |
Delta |
205 (93) |
Lunar orbit attempt. Achieved 9,880 x 270,300 mile (15,900 x 435,000 km) Earth orbit. Returned particle and field data. |
| Lunar Orbiter 1 (USA) |
10-Aug-66 |
Atlas-Agena |
850 (386) |
Lunar orbit, 118 x 1,160 miles (189 x 1,867 km) 12.2o, perilune lowered to 25 miles (40 km). Returned 209 photo frames of surface. |
| Luna 11 (USSR) |
24-Aug-66 |
SL-6/A-2-e |
3,615 (1,640) |
Lunar orbit, 99 x 746 miles (159 x 1,200 km), 178 min, 27o. |
| Surveyor 2 (USA) |
20-Sep-66 |
Atlas-Centaur |
2,200 (1,000) |
Soft-landing attempt. Crashed south-east of crater Copernicus. |
| Luna 12 (USSR) |
22-Oct-66 |
SL-6/A-2-e |
3,585 (1,625) |
Lunar orbit, 62 x 1,081 miles (100 x 1,740 km), 205 min, 15o. Returned TV pictures of surface. |
| Centaur 5 (USA) |
26-Oct-66 |
Atlas-Centaur |
1,600 (726) |
High Earth orbit with Surveyor mass model. Centaur restart development flight. |
| Lunar Orbiter 2 (USA) |
6-Nov-66 |
Atlas-Agena |
850 (386) |
Lunar orbit, 122 x 1,150 miles (196 x 1,850 km) 11.8o, perilune lowered to 31 miles (50 km). Returned 817 photo frames of surface. |
| Luna 13 (USSR) |
21-Dec-66 |
SL-6/A-2-e |
3,570 (1,620) |
Soft-landing at 18o52’N x 62o3’W. Returned TV panoramas and radiation data. Tested soil. |
| Lunar Orbiter 3 (USA) |
5-Feb-67 |
Atlas-Agena |
850 (386) |
Lunar orbit, 131 x 1,120 miles (210 x 1,802 km) 20.9o, lowered to 34 x 1,148 miles (55 x 1,847 km). Returned 626 photo frames of surface. |
| Cosmos 146 (USSR) |
10-Mar-67 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
11,060 (5,017) |
Zond attempt. Earth orbit only. |
| Cosmos 154 (USSR) |
8-Apr-67 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,300 (5,600) |
Zond attempt. Earth orbit only. |
| Surveyor 3 (USA) |
17-Apr-67 |
Atlas-Centaur |
2,283 (1,035) |
Soft-landing at 2o56’S x 23o20’W. Returned 6,315 TV pictures and engineering data. Surface weight 625 lb (283 kg). |
| Lunar Orbiter 4 (USA) |
4-May-67 |
Atlas-Agena |
850 (386) |
Lunar orbit, 1,681 x 3,735 miles (2,706 x 6,011 km) 85.5o. Returned 546 photo frames of surface. |
| Surveyor 4 (USA) |
14-Jul-67 |
Atlas-Centaur |
2,291 (1,039) |
Soft-landing attempt. Crashed at 0o26’N x 1o20’W. |
| Explorer 35 (USA) |
19-Jul-67 |
Delta |
229 (104) |
Lunar orbit, 500 x 4,600 miles (804 x 7,400 km), 147o. Returned particle and fields data. |
| Lunar Orbiter 5 (USA) |
1-Aug-67 |
Atlas-Agena |
850 (386) |
Lunar orbit, 121 x 3,743 miles (195 x 6,023 km) 85o, lowered to 62 x 931 miles (99 x 1,499 km). Returned 844 photo frames of surface. |
| Surveyor 5 (USA) |
8-Sep-67 |
Atlas-Centaur |
2,216 (1,005) |
Soft-landing at 1o25’N x 22o15’E. Returned 18,006 TV pictures. First chemical analysis of soil. |
| Zond (USSR) |
28-Sep-67 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
11,465 (5,200) |
Zond attempt. Failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Surveyor 6 (USA) |
7-Nov-67 |
Atlas-Centaur |
2,223 (1,008) |
Soft-landing at 0o25’N x 1o20’W. Returned 30,065 TV pictures and chemical analysis data. |
| Zond (USSR) |
22-Nov-67 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
11,465 (5,200) |
Zond attempt. Failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Surveyor 7 (USA) |
7-Jan-68 |
Atlas-Centaur |
2,293 (1,040) |
Soft-landing at 40o53’S x 11o26’W near rim of crater Tycho. Returned 21,274 TV pictures and chemical analysis data from lunar highlands. |
| Luna USSR) |
7-Feb-68 |
SL-6/A-2-e |
3,561 (1,615)? |
Lunar orbit attempt. Failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Zond 4 (USSR) |
2-Mar-68 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,300 (5,600) |
Zond mission check-out. Solar orbit. |
| Luna 14 (USSR) |
7-Apr-68 |
SL-6/A-2-e |
3,561 (1,615) |
Lunar orbit, 100 x 540 miles (160 x 870 km), 160 min, 42o. |
| Zond (USSR) |
23-Apr-68 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,300 (5,600) |
Zond attempt. Failed to reach Earth orbit. |
| Zond 5 (USSR) |
14-Sep-68 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,300 (5,600) |
Circumlunar fly-by. Returned to Indian Ocean. |
| Zond 6 (USSR) |
10-Nov-68 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,300 (5,600) |
Circumlunar fly-by. «Skip» return to Soviet Union. |
| Zond (USSR) |
20-Jan-69 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,300 (5,600) |
Zond attempt. Failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Luna (USSR) |
19-Feb-69 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,300 (5,600) |
Lunar rover attempt. Failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Zond L1S-1 (USSR) |
21-Feb-69 |
SL-15/N-1 |
12,300 (5,600) |
N-1 test & Zond attempt. Failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Luna (USSR) |
15-Apr-69 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,300 (5,600) |
Soil sample-return attempt. Failed to reach Earth orbit. |
| Luna (USSR) |
14-Jun-69 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,300 (5,600) |
Soil sample-return attempt. Failed to reach Earth orbit. |
| Zond L1S-2 (USSR) |
3-Jul-69 |
SL-15/N-1 |
12,300 (5,600) |
N-1 test & Zond attempt. Failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Luna 15 (USSR) |
13-Jul-69 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,570 (5,700) |
Soil sample-return attempt. Failed to achieve soft lunar landing. |
| Zond 7 (USSR) |
7-Aug-69 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,300 (5,600) |
Circumlunar fly-by. «Skip» return to Soviet Union. |
| Cosmos 300 (USSR) |
23-Sep-69 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,300 (5,600) |
Soil sample-return attempt or rover attempt. Failed to leave Earth orbit. |
| Cosmos 305 (USSR) |
22-Oct-69 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,300 (5,600) |
Soil sample-return attempt or rover attempt. Possible successful trans-lunar injection only. |
| Luna (USSR) |
6-Feb-70 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,300 (5,600) |
Soil sample-return attempt. Failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Luna (USSR) |
19-Feb-70 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,300 (5,600) |
Lunar orbit attempt. Failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Luna 16 (USSR) |
12-Sep-70 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,620 (5,725) |
First successful automatic lunar soil sample return. Sample from mare region at 0o41’S x 56o18’E. Dry lander 4,145 lb (1,880 kg). |
| Zond 8 (USSR) |
20-Oct-70 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,300 (5,600) |
Circumlunar fly-by. Returned to Indian Ocean. |
| Luna 17 (USSR) |
10-Nov-70 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,300 (5,600) |
Lunokhod 1 Rover 1,667 lb (756 kg); empty descent stage 2,381 lb (1,080 kg). Total surface payload 4,084 lb (1,836 kg). First successful automatic lunar rover, 38o18’N x 35oW. |
| Apollo 15 P & F Sub-Satellite (USA) |
26-Jul-71 |
Saturn V |
79 (36) |
Particle and fields sub-satellite released from Apollo 15. |
| Luna 18 (USSR) |
2-Sep-71 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,125 (5,500) |
Soil sample-return attempt. Crashed at 3o34’N x 56o30’E. |
| Luna 19 (USSR) |
28-Sep-71 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,300 (5,600) |
Lunar orbit. Intially 87 mile (140 km) circular; 48 x 239 mile (77 x 385 km), 131 min, 40o after manoeuvring. |
| Luna 20 (USSR) |
14-Feb-72 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,300 (5,600) |
Automatic soil sample-return from lunar highlands at 3o32’N x 56o33’E. |
| Apollo 16 P & F Sub-Satellite (USA) |
16-Apr-72 |
Saturn V |
79 (36) |
Particle and fields sub-satellite released from Apollo 16. |
| Soyuz L3 (USSR) |
23-Nov-72 |
SL-15/N-1 |
21,710 (9,850) |
N-1 test with lunar orbiter + model lander. Failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Luna 21 (USSR) |
8-Jan-73 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,300 (5,600) |
Lunokhod 2 Rover 1,852 lb (840 kg); 25o54’N x 30o30’E. |
| Explorer 49 (USA) |
10-Jun-73 |
Delta |
723 (328) |
Radio Astronomy Explorer placed in lunar orbit. |
| Luna 22 (USSR) |
29-May-74 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,300 (5,600) |
Lunar orbit. Conducted extensive manoeuvring. |
| Luna 23 (USSR) |
28-Oct-74 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,570 (5,700) |
Deep soil sample return attempt. Damaged on landing at 12o41’N x 62o18’E. |
| Luna (USSR) |
16-Oct-75 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
12,300 (5,600) |
Deep soil sample return attempt. Failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Luna 24 (USSR) |
9-Aug-76 |
SL-12/D-1-e |
11,698 (5,306) |
Deep soil sample return from 12o45’N x 62o12’E. |
| Hiten (Japan) |
24-Jan-90 |
Mu-3SII-5 |
315 (143) |
Earth orbiter that preformed ten lunar fly-bys and lunar impact on 10-Apr-93; subsatellite Hagoromo entered lunar orbit. Originally named MUSES-A |
| Clementine (USA) |
25-Jan-94 |
Titan IIG |
3,725 (1,690) |
Lunar orbit, 260 x 1,810 miles (425 x 2,935 km), 90o. Mapped lunar surface. Malfuntion prevented planned fly-by of asteroid Geographos. |
| Lunar Prospector (USA) |
6-Jan-98 |
Athena II |
653 (296) |
Lunar orbiter. Mapped minerals, magnetic & gravitational fields; discovered evidence of possible water ice at lunar poles. Crashed near moon’s south pole 31-Jul-99. |
| SMART-1 (ESA) |
27-Sep-03 |
Ariane 5 |
808 (366) |
First European mission to the Moon; entered lunar orbit 15-Nov-04. Two phase mission to test new technologies and study the Moon. Crashed into moon 3-Sep-06. |
| Kaguya (Japan) |
14-Sep-07 |
H-IIA |
6,360 (2,885) |
Lunar orbiter with two sub-satellites; entered lunar orbit 3-Oct-07 to obtain scientific data on lunar origins & evolution, and develop the technology for future lunar exploration. Originally named SELENE. |
| Chang’e 1 (China) |
24-Oct-07 |
Long March 3A |
5,180 (2,350) |
China’s first mission to the Moon; entered lunar orbit 5-Nov-07 to obtain 3D images of the lunar surface, map element distribution, evaluate soil depth, and study space environment. |
| Chandrayaan 1 (India) |
22-Oct-08 |
PSLV-XL |
3,042 (1,380) |
India’s first mission to the Moon; lunar orbiter (523 kg) and impactor. Entered lunar orbit 8-Nov-08 to perform high-resolution remote sensing of the moon in visible, near infrared, and X-ray regions. |
| Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (USA) |
18-Jun-09 |
Atlas V |
4,224 (1,916) |
Lunar orbiter, launched with LCROSS. Entered orbit 23-Jun-09 to find possible landing sites for a lunar outpost, locate potential resources, characterize the radiation environment, and test new technology. |
| Lunar Crater Observation & Sensing Satellite (USA) |
18-Jun-09 |
Atlas V |
1,664 (891) |
Lunar impactor/probe, launched with LRO. Confirmed presence of water in permanently shadowed Cabeus crater by flying through debris plume created by previously impacted Centaur stage. Impact on 9-Oct-09. |
Compiled and edited by Robert A. Braeunig, 1996, 2000, 2005-2009.
Fuente : http://www.braeunig.us/space/lunar.htm
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